Awọn agbedemeji: Dyeing (pigment) agbedemeji jẹ ẹka pataki pupọ ti ile-iṣẹ kemikali to dara. Awọn idagbasoke ti awọn agbedemeji atilẹyin. Iṣelọpọ China ti awọn agbedemeji fun awọ ati pigmenti ti ni idagbasoke ni riro lati awọn ọdun 1950. Ni awọn ọdun diẹ sẹhin, iṣelọpọ ti awọn agbedemeji ti awọ ati pigmenti ti di pupọ ati siwaju sii, ati pe awọn imotuntun ti wa ninu imọ-ẹrọ iṣelọpọ. A ti ṣe awọn aṣeyọri ni awọn agbegbe pupọ, gẹgẹbi iwadii, awọn lilo tuntun fun awọn oriṣiriṣi atijọ ati aabo ayika, ati pe a ti gba ilana mimọ fun iṣelọpọ awọ ati awọn agbedemeji pigment. .

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Idagbasoke ti lilo awọn agbedemeji

Ni otitọ, lilo awọn agbedemeji jẹ idagbasoke lọpọlọpọ, iru awọn agbedemeji kan ti a lo ninu awọn awọ ti a npe ni intermediates dye, ati lilo ninu awọn ipakokoropaeku, awọn oogun, ati bẹbẹ lọ. Tun npe ni ipakokoropaeku, elegbogi agbedemeji. O yẹ ki a kà bi ẹka ti ile-iṣẹ kemikali ti o dara lapapọ, ko yẹ ki o pin lile si awọn agbedemeji awọ, awọn ipakokoro ipakokoro, awọn ipakokoro ipakokoro, awọn ipakokoropaeku, awọn ipakokoropaeku. . awọn agbedemeji, awọn agbedemeji ipakokoropaeku, awọn agbedemeji ipakokoropaeku, awọn agbedemeji ipakokoropaeku, awọn agbedemeji ipakokoro, awọn agbedemeji elegbogi, eyiti yoo dinku iwọn lilo ti diẹ ninu awọn agbedemeji ati ni ipa lori idagbasoke wọn.

Iwadi awọn agbedemeji kemikali ti o dara jẹ ijuwe nipasẹ ọpọlọpọ awọn oriṣiriṣi, ayafi fun awọn oriṣi diẹ ti iwọn iṣelọpọ jẹ pataki pupọ, pupọ julọ ti tonnage ko tobi pupọ, ṣugbọn ilana igbaradi jẹ eka pupọ nigbagbogbo, pẹlu ọpọlọpọ awọn aati ati awọn ipinya, ati gbóògì ti akude oye akojo ti The "meta egbin" nilo lati wa ni daradara lököökan. Nitorinaa, o yẹ ki a ṣe iwadii ilana ọja ni tẹlentẹle, agbari ti o ni oye ti awọn agbedemeji lati gba ṣiṣe iṣelọpọ iwọn to dara.

Lati ipo ajeji, iwadii ati iṣelọpọ ti awọn agbedemeji ṣọ lati ni idojukọ daradara lati ṣaṣeyọri iṣelọpọ ni tẹlentẹle. diẹ si awọn oriṣiriṣi mejila ti awọn agbedemeji, iru iwadii ati iṣelọpọ rọrun lati ṣe nipasẹ idagbasoke gbogbogbo ati gbigba awọn imọ-ẹrọ tuntun. A yoo gba lemeji esi pẹlu idaji akitiyan. A le tọka si ipo ti o wa ni ilu Japan, nibiti iṣelọpọ ti awọn agbedemeji lo lati jẹ isọdọtun pupọ, ti o bẹrẹ lati awọn ọdun 1960. O ti ṣe atunṣe ati pe o pọ si ni igba meje.

Nipasẹ iyipada ati idagbasoke, awọ China ati ile-iṣẹ agbedemeji pigment ti de ipele ti o ga julọ ni awọn ofin ti iwọn iṣelọpọ, imọ-ẹrọ ati ipele ohun elo, eyiti ko le pade awọn iwulo ti awọ ile ati idagbasoke ile-iṣẹ pigmenti nikan, ṣugbọn tun pese awọn ọja agbedemeji didara diẹ sii fun ajeji awọn orilẹ-ede.

Awọn ohun elo aise ti a beere fun sisọpọ awọn agbedemeji ni a gba ni akọkọ lati awọn ọja ti epo epo ati ile-iṣẹ kemikali coking, pupọ julọ eyiti o jẹ benzene, naphthalene, naphthalene, ati naphthalene. Ni awọn ọdun aipẹ, awọn pigments Organic ti a pese sile lati awọn agbedemeji heterocyclic ti wa ni igbega. Ni afikun, phenanthrene, pyridine, oxygen fluorene, quinoline, indole, carbazole, biphenyl jara agbo ogun, awọn ohun elo aise eka wọnyi ti a lo si iṣelọpọ ti dyestuff. Lilo awọn ohun elo aise sintetiki yoo di ibigbogbo ati wọpọ.

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Awọn aati kemikali ti o wọpọ julọ ti a lo fun awọn agbedemeji

Awọn aati kẹmika ti o wọpọ julọ ti a lo lati ṣe ilana awọn ohun elo aise sinu awọn agbedemeji fun ile-iṣẹ didin (pigment) jẹ atẹle yii.

(1) Sulfonation lenu
(2) Awọn aati Nitrification
(3) Awọn aati halogenation
(4) Idahun idinku lati mura amino
(5) Awọn aati Diazotization (nigbagbogbo pẹlu awọn aati idapọmọra)
(6) Rọpo awọn ẹgbẹ sulfonic acid sinu awọn ẹgbẹ hydroxyl nipasẹ awọn aati alkali-yo
(7) Awọn aati acetylation
(8) Awọn aati Oxidation
(9) Condensation ati carbonation aati
(10) Awọn aati aromatization (paapaa amino)
(11) Awọn aati iyipada ti hydroxyl ati awọn ẹgbẹ amino
(12) Hydroxylation ti hydroxyl tabi awọn ẹgbẹ amino

Gẹgẹbi ọna oruka aromatic ti awọn agbedemeji kemikali ti o dara, wọn le pin si aliphatic, benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic ati ipon. Eto oruka. Orilẹ-ede wa le ṣe agbejade diẹ sii ju awọn oriṣiriṣi 400 ti benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic ati awọn agbedemeji miiran ti dyeing ati pigmenti, eyiti o le ni ipilẹ pade awọn ibeere ti Dyeing ati awọn iwulo idagbasoke ile-iṣẹ pigmenti.

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Awọn oriṣi pataki ti eto benzene

2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-amino Anisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N -ethylaniline, m-hydroxydiethylaniline 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, o-, p-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, benzidine, anisylamine, p-amine Benzenesulfonic acid, o-anisole, p-aminoanisole, DSD acid, p-aminophenetole, CTL acid, o-cyano-p-nitroaniline, acetoacetylacetamide o-Methoxyaniline, hydroquinone, resorcinol, N-methyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine Toluidine , N, N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-toluidine Methyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl-m- toluidine, N-methylphenyl-m-toluidine, p-, ethoxyaniline, 2 4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl. aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide. 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N, N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5 -trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline , 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2 ,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4 ,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline inter, para ester, ati be be lo.

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Awọn oriṣi akọkọ ti awọn agbedemeji naphthalene

2-naphthol, H-acid, K-acid, 2,3-acid, 2,6-acid, thujaplic acid, 6-nitro-1,2,4 acid oxygens. J-acid, peri-acid, gamma-acid, G-iyọ, iyọ R, amino K-acid, 2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, 1-naphthol -5-sulfonic acid, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene. , 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid ati bẹbẹ lọ. Awọn agbedemeji Anthraquinone pẹlu: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl-bromophosphate, 1,5-dimethyl-anthraquinone, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid, ati be be lo. ,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-Amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy Anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, ati bẹbẹ lọ.

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Heterocyclic nla ati awọn eya ipon-cyclic

Cyanuric kiloraidi, barbituric acid, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-aminobenzothiazole Aminothiazole, dehydrothiobenzidine bisulfonic acid, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpydo -cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano -4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4 -methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl -6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6 -hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone Formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalene anhydride, naphthalene tetracarboxylic anhydride,! tetracarboxylic anhydride, ati bẹbẹ lọ.