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Ọrọ Iṣaaju
Dyeing (awọ) agbedemeji jẹ ẹka pataki pupọ ti ile-iṣẹ kemikali ti o dara, ati idagbasoke iyara ti ile-iṣẹ dyeing (awọ) da lori idagbasoke awọn agbedemeji ti o lọ pẹlu rẹ.

Isejade ti dyeing ati pigment intermediates ni China ti a ti ni idagbasoke significantly niwon awọn 1950s, pẹlu awọn increasingly imuna idije ni oja, dyeing ati pigment agbedemeji ti ti aseyori ninu gbóògì ọna ẹrọ; awọn aṣeyọri ninu idagbasoke awọn oriṣiriṣi tuntun, ilana iṣelọpọ ilọsiwaju, iwadii lori awọn ọna tuntun, awọn lilo tuntun ti awọn oriṣiriṣi atijọ, aabo ti agbegbe, ati bẹbẹ lọ, lilo imọ-ẹrọ mimọ fun iṣelọpọ ti dyeing ati awọn agbedemeji pigmenti.

Ni akọkọ, idagbasoke ti lilo awọn agbedemeji
Aworan

Ni otitọ, idagbasoke ti lilo awọn agbedemeji jẹ multifaceted, agbedemeji kan ti a lo ninu dyestuff ti a npe ni dye intermediates, ati lilo ninu awọn ipakokoropaeku, awọn oogun ati awọn ti a npe ni awọn ipakokoropaeku, awọn agbedemeji elegbogi. Awọn agbedemeji yẹ ki o gba bi ẹka ti ile-iṣẹ kemikali ti o dara lapapọ, ko yẹ ki o pin lile si awọn agbedemeji dyestuff, awọn agbedemeji ipakokoro, awọn agbedemeji elegbogi nipasẹ ile-iṣẹ, eyiti yoo dinku iwọn lilo ti diẹ ninu awọn agbedemeji ati ni ipa idagbasoke rẹ.

Iwadi awọn agbedemeji kemikali ti o dara jẹ ijuwe nipasẹ ọpọlọpọ awọn oriṣiriṣi, ni afikun si awọn oriṣiriṣi diẹ ti iwọn iṣelọpọ jẹ pataki pupọ, pupọ julọ ti tonnage ko tobi pupọ, ṣugbọn ilana igbaradi jẹ eka nigbagbogbo, pẹlu ọpọlọpọ awọn aati sipo ati ilana ipinya. , gbóògì tun ti ipilẹṣẹ kan akude nọmba ti "meta egbin" nilo lati wa ni daradara lököökan. Nitorinaa, o yẹ ki a ṣe iwadii ilana ti awọn ọja jara ati ṣeto iṣelọpọ ti awọn agbedemeji ni idiyele lati le gba awọn anfani iwọn to dara.

Lati ipo ti awọn orilẹ-ede ajeji, iwadii ati iṣelọpọ ti awọn agbedemeji ṣọ lati wa ni idojukọ daradara lati ṣaṣeyọri iṣelọpọ jara, eto ohun elo iṣelọpọ le ṣe agbejade ọpọlọpọ si mejila ti awọn agbedemeji, iru iwadii ati iṣelọpọ nipasẹ idagbasoke gbogbogbo, lilo ti imọ-ẹrọ tuntun rọrun lati ṣe, yoo ṣaṣeyọri lẹmeji abajade pẹlu idaji igbiyanju. Ipo ti Japan le jẹ fun itọkasi wa, iṣelọpọ atilẹba ti awọn agbedemeji ni Japan tun tuka pupọ, lati 1960 ti jẹ igba meje lati ṣatunṣe, idojukọ.

Nipasẹ iyipada ati idagbasoke, dyeing China ati ile-iṣẹ agbedemeji pigment ti de ipele ti o ga julọ ni awọn ofin ti iwọn iṣelọpọ, imọ-ẹrọ ati ipele ohun elo, eyiti ko le pade awọn iwulo ti idagbasoke ti dyeing abele ati ile-iṣẹ pigmenti, ṣugbọn tun pese awọn agbedemeji didara diẹ sii. fun ajeji awọn orilẹ-ede.

Awọn ohun elo aise ti o nilo fun iṣelọpọ ti awọn agbedemeji ni a gba ni akọkọ lati awọn ọja ti epo ati ile-iṣẹ kemikali coking, pupọ julọ jẹ benzene, naphthalene, awọn agbo ogun anthraquinone, ati diẹ ninu awọn agbo ogun heterocyclic, ati awọn pigments Organic ti a pese sile pẹlu awọn agbedemeji awọn agbo ogun heterocyclic wa lori awọn jinde ni odun to šẹšẹ. Ni afikun, phenanthrene, pyridine, oxygen fluorene, quinoline, indole, carbazole, biphenyl jara ti awọn agbo ogun, awọn ohun elo aise eka wọnyi ti a lo si iṣelọpọ awọn awọ, lẹhinna lilo awọn ohun elo aise sintetiki yoo jẹ lọpọlọpọ ati gbogbo agbaye.

Keji, awọn aati kemikali ti o wọpọ julọ ti awọn agbedemeji
Aworan

Awọn ohun elo aise yoo ni ilọsiwaju sinu dai (awọ) awọn agbedemeji ile-iṣẹ ti a lo julọ awọn aati kemikali jẹ atẹle.

(1) sulfonation lenu
(2) Idahun nitration
(3) idahun halogenation
(4) Idahun idinku lati mura amino
(5) Idahun Diazotization (nigbagbogbo wa pẹlu ifarapọ idapọ)
(6) Idahun idapọ alkali lati rọpo ẹgbẹ sulfonic acid si hydroxyl
(7) Acylation lenu
(8) Idahun afẹfẹ
(9) condensation ati carbonation lenu
(10) Idahun aromatization (ni pataki amino)
(11) ifaseyin rirọpo ibaraenisọrọ ti hydroxyl ati awọn ẹgbẹ amino
(12) hydroxyl tabi amino hydrocarbonation lenu

Gẹgẹbi ilana ti oruka aromatic akọkọ ti awọn agbedemeji kemikali ti o dara, awọn agbedemeji le pin si eto aliphatic, eto benzene, eto naphthalene, eto anthraquinone, eto heterocyclic ati eto oruka ti o nipọn. Orile-ede wa le ṣe agbejade benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, eto heterocyclic, bii dyeing, awọn agbedemeji pigmenti diẹ sii ju awọn oriṣiriṣi 400, ni ipilẹ lati pade awọn dyeing, awọn iwulo idagbasoke ile-iṣẹ pigmenti.

Awọn oriṣi akọkọ ti eto benzene jẹ.

2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-aminoanisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N- ethylaniline, m-hydroxydiethylaniline, 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, om-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, bianisidine, p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, o-, p-aminoanisole, DSD, ati bẹbẹ lọ N-methyl-m- toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine. m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl m-toluidine, N-methylphenyl m-toluidine, p-toluidine, ethoxy aniline, 2-4-dimethyl aniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4 -methoxy-3-aminobenzanilide, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N, N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, m- ati para-esters, ati bẹbẹ lọ.

Awọn oriṣi akọkọ ti awọn agbedemeji naphthalene jẹ.

2-naphthol, H-acid, K-acid, 2,3-acid, 2,6-acid, tartaric acid, 6-nitro-1,2,4-acid oxygenate, J-acid, peri-acid, γ- acid, G-iyọ, R-iyọ, amino K-acid, 2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, 1-naphthol-5-sulfonic acid, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R- acid, bbl Awọn oriṣi akọkọ ti awọn agbedemeji anthraquinone ni: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl anthraquinone bromine, 1,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-amino-5-benzooneyl anthraquinone. 1,5-dihydroxy anthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, ati bẹbẹ lọ.

Awọn oriṣi akọkọ ti eto heterocyclic ati eto oruka ti o nipọn jẹ.

Melamine, barbituric acid, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-amino thiazole, dehydrothio-p-toluidine bisulfonic acid, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N- ethylpyridone, 3-formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalic anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic anhydride,! tetracarboxylic anhydride, ati bẹbẹ lọ.