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Awọn agbedemeji: Awọn agbedemeji Dyestuff jẹ ẹka ti o ṣe pataki pupọ ti ile-iṣẹ kemikali ti o dara, ati idagbasoke iyara ti ile-iṣẹ dyestuff da lori idagbasoke awọn agbedemeji ti o lọ pẹlu rẹ.
Iṣelọpọ ti dyestuff ati awọn agbedemeji pigment ni Ilu China ti ni idagbasoke ni pataki lati awọn ọdun 1950. Pẹlu idije imuna ti o pọ si ni ọja, dyestuff ati awọn agbedemeji pigment ti jẹ tuntun ni imọ-ẹrọ iṣelọpọ; wọn ti ṣe awọn aṣeyọri ni ọpọlọpọ awọn aaye bii idagbasoke awọn oriṣiriṣi tuntun, ilọsiwaju ilana iṣelọpọ, ṣiṣe iwadii awọn ọna tuntun, awọn lilo tuntun ti awọn oriṣiriṣi atijọ, aabo ayika, ati bẹbẹ lọ, ati gbigba imọ-ẹrọ mimọ fun iṣelọpọ ti diestuff ati awọn agbedemeji pigment.
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Awọn idagbasoke ti awọn agbedemeji 'lilo

Ni otitọ, lilo awọn idagbasoke agbedemeji jẹ multifaceted, agbedemeji kan ti a lo ninu dyestuff ti a npe ni dye intermediates, ati lilo ninu awọn ipakokoropaeku, awọn oogun ati awọn ti a npe ni awọn ipakokoropaeku, awọn agbedemeji elegbogi. Awọn agbedemeji yẹ ki o gba bi ẹka ti ile-iṣẹ kemikali ti o dara lapapọ, ko yẹ ki o pin lile si awọn agbedemeji dyestuff, awọn agbedemeji ipakokoro, awọn agbedemeji elegbogi nipasẹ ile-iṣẹ, eyiti yoo dinku iwọn lilo diẹ ninu awọn agbedemeji ati ni ipa lori idagbasoke wọn.

Iwadi awọn agbedemeji kemikali ti o dara jẹ ijuwe nipasẹ ọpọlọpọ awọn oriṣiriṣi, ni afikun si awọn oriṣiriṣi diẹ ti iwọn iṣelọpọ jẹ pataki pupọ, pupọ julọ ti tonnage ko tobi pupọ, ṣugbọn ilana igbaradi jẹ eka nigbagbogbo, pẹlu ọpọlọpọ awọn aati sipo ati ilana ipinya. , gbóògì tun ti ipilẹṣẹ kan akude nọmba ti "meta egbin" nilo lati wa ni daradara lököökan. Nitorinaa, o yẹ ki a ṣe iwadii ilana ti awọn ọja jara ati ṣeto iṣelọpọ ti awọn agbedemeji ni idiyele lati le gba awọn anfani iwọn to dara.

Lati ipo ti awọn orilẹ-ede ajeji, iwadii ati iṣelọpọ ti awọn agbedemeji ṣọ lati wa ni idojukọ daradara lati ṣaṣeyọri iṣelọpọ jara, eto ohun elo iṣelọpọ le ṣe agbejade ọpọlọpọ si mejila ti awọn agbedemeji, iru iwadii ati iṣelọpọ nipasẹ idagbasoke gbogbogbo, lilo ti imọ-ẹrọ tuntun rọrun lati ṣe, yoo ṣaṣeyọri lẹmeji abajade pẹlu idaji igbiyanju. Ipo ti Japan le jẹ fun itọkasi wa, iṣelọpọ atilẹba ti awọn agbedemeji ni Japan tun tuka pupọ, lati 1960 ti jẹ igba meje lati ṣatunṣe, idojukọ.

Nipasẹ iyipada ati idagbasoke, dyeing China ati ile-iṣẹ agbedemeji pigment ti de ipele ti o ga julọ ni awọn ofin ti iwọn iṣelọpọ, imọ-ẹrọ ati ipele ohun elo, eyiti ko le pade awọn iwulo ti idagbasoke ti dyeing abele ati ile-iṣẹ pigmenti, ṣugbọn tun pese awọn agbedemeji didara diẹ sii. fun ajeji awọn orilẹ-ede.

Awọn ohun elo aise ti o nilo fun iṣelọpọ ti awọn agbedemeji ni a gba ni akọkọ lati awọn ọja ti epo ati ile-iṣẹ kemikali coking, pupọ julọ jẹ benzene, naphthalene, awọn agbo ogun anthraquinone, ati diẹ ninu awọn agbo ogun heterocyclic, ati awọn pigments Organic ti a pese sile pẹlu awọn agbedemeji awọn agbo ogun heterocyclic wa lori awọn jinde ni odun to šẹšẹ. Ni afikun, phenanthrene, pyridine, oxygen fluorene, quinoline, indole, carbazole, biphenyl jara ti awọn agbo ogun, awọn ohun elo aise eka wọnyi ti a lo si iṣelọpọ awọn awọ, lẹhinna lilo awọn ohun elo aise sintetiki yoo jẹ ibigbogbo ati wọpọ.
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Awọn aati kemikali ti o wọpọ julọ ti a lo fun awọn agbedemeji

Ṣiṣe awọn ohun elo aise sinu awọn agbedemeji dai (awọ) ti awọn aati kemikali ti a lo julọ jẹ atẹle.
(1) sulfonation lenu
(2) Idahun nitration
(3) idahun halogenation
(4) Idahun idinku lati mura amino
(5) Idahun Diazotization (nigbagbogbo wa pẹlu ifarapọ idapọ)
(6) Idahun idapọ alkali lati rọpo ẹgbẹ sulfonic acid si hydroxyl
(7) Acylation lenu
(8) Idahun afẹfẹ
(9) condensation ati carbonation lenu
(10) Idahun aromatization (ni pataki amino)
(11) ifaseyin rirọpo ibaraenisọrọ ti hydroxyl ati awọn ẹgbẹ amino
(12) hydroxyl tabi amino hydrocarbonation lenu
Gẹgẹbi ilana ti oruka aromatic akọkọ ti awọn agbedemeji kemikali ti o dara, awọn agbedemeji le pin si eto aliphatic, eto benzene, eto naphthalene, eto anthraquinone, eto heterocyclic ati eto oruka ti o nipọn. Orile-ede wa le ṣe agbejade diẹ sii ju awọn oriṣiriṣi 400 ti awọn agbedemeji bii benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic ati awọ miiran ati awọn agbedemeji pigment, eyiti o le ni ipilẹ pade awọn iwulo idagbasoke ti dyeing ati ile-iṣẹ pigmenti.
Aworan
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Awọn oriṣi akọkọ ti eto benzene

2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-aminoanisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N- ethylaniline, m-hydroxy-diethylaniline, 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, om-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, bianisidine, p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, o- ati p-aminoanisole, DSD N-methyl-m-toluidine. . -methyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N -ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine. m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl m-toluidine, N-methylphenyl m-toluidine, p-toluidine, ethoxyaniline, 2-4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy. -3-aminobenzanilide, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N, N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, m- ati para-esters, ati bẹbẹ lọ.
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Naphthalene-orisun agbedemeji akọkọ orisirisi

2-naphthol, H-acid, K-acid, 2,3-acid, 2,6-acid, tartaric acid, 6-nitro-1,2,4-acid oxygenate, J-acid, peri-acid, γ- acid, G-iyọ, R-iyọ, amino K-acid, 2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, 1-naphthol-5-sulfonic acid, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R- acid, bbl Awọn oriṣi akọkọ ti awọn agbedemeji orisun anthraquinone ni: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl anthraquinone bromine, 1,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxy anthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, ati bẹbẹ lọ.
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Heterocyclic ati awọn eya akọkọ ti o nipọn

Melamine, barbituric acid, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-amino thiazole, dehydrothio-p-toluidine bisulfonic acid, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N- ethylpyridone, 3-formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalic anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic anhydride, tetracarboxylic anhydride, ati bẹbẹ lọ.