Ẹgbẹ Cyano ni polarity to lagbara ati gbigba elekitironi, nitorinaa o le jinlẹ sinu amuaradagba ibi-afẹde lati ṣe awọn ifunmọ hydrogen pẹlu awọn iṣẹku amino acid bọtini ni aaye ti nṣiṣe lọwọ. Ni akoko kanna, ẹgbẹ cyano jẹ ara isosteric bioelectronic ti carbonyl, halogen ati awọn ẹgbẹ iṣẹ ṣiṣe miiran, eyiti o le mu ibaraenisepo laarin awọn ohun elo oogun kekere ati awọn ọlọjẹ ibi-afẹde, nitorinaa o jẹ lilo pupọ ni iyipada igbekale ti oogun ati awọn ipakokoropaeku [1] . Aṣoju cyano ti o ni awọn oogun iṣoogun pẹlu saxagliptin (Figure 1), verapamil, febuxostat, ati bẹbẹ lọ; Awọn oogun ogbin pẹlu bromofenitrile, fipronil, fipronil ati bẹbẹ lọ. Ni afikun, awọn agbo ogun cyano tun ni iye ohun elo pataki ni awọn aaye ti lofinda, awọn ohun elo iṣẹ ati bẹbẹ lọ. Fun apẹẹrẹ, Citronitrile jẹ õrùn nitrile tuntun ti kariaye, ati 4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzonitrile jẹ ohun elo aise pataki fun ṣiṣe awọn ohun elo kirisita olomi. A le rii pe awọn agbo ogun cyano jẹ lilo pupọ ni ọpọlọpọ awọn aaye nitori awọn ohun-ini alailẹgbẹ wọn [2].

Ẹgbẹ Cyano ni polarity to lagbara ati gbigba elekitironi, nitorinaa o le jinlẹ sinu amuaradagba ibi-afẹde lati ṣe awọn ifunmọ hydrogen pẹlu awọn iṣẹku amino acid bọtini ni aaye ti nṣiṣe lọwọ. Ni akoko kanna, ẹgbẹ cyano jẹ ara isosteric bioelectronic ti carbonyl, halogen ati awọn ẹgbẹ iṣẹ ṣiṣe miiran, eyiti o le mu ibaraenisepo laarin awọn ohun elo oogun kekere ati awọn ọlọjẹ ibi-afẹde, nitorinaa o jẹ lilo pupọ ni iyipada igbekale ti oogun ati awọn ipakokoropaeku [1] . Aṣoju cyano ti o ni awọn oogun iṣoogun pẹlu saxagliptin (Figure 1), verapamil, febuxostat, ati bẹbẹ lọ; Awọn oogun ogbin pẹlu bromofenitrile, fipronil, fipronil ati bẹbẹ lọ. Ni afikun, awọn agbo ogun cyano tun ni iye ohun elo pataki ni awọn aaye ti lofinda, awọn ohun elo iṣẹ ati bẹbẹ lọ. Fun apẹẹrẹ, Citronitrile jẹ õrùn nitrile tuntun ti kariaye, ati 4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzonitrile jẹ ohun elo aise pataki fun ṣiṣe awọn ohun elo kirisita olomi. A le rii pe awọn agbo ogun cyano jẹ lilo pupọ ni ọpọlọpọ awọn aaye nitori awọn ohun-ini alailẹgbẹ wọn [2].

2.2 electrophilic cyanidation lenu ti enol boride

Ẹgbẹ Kensuke Kiyokawa [4] lo awọn reagents cyanide n-cyano-n-phenyl-p-toluenesulfonamide (NCTS) ati p-toluenesulfonyl cyanide (tscn) lati ṣaṣeyọri cyanidation elekitirofiki ti o ga julọ ti awọn agbo ogun boron enol (Aworan 3). Nipasẹ ero tuntun yii, ọpọlọpọ β-Acetonitrile, ati pe o ni ọpọlọpọ awọn sobusitireti.

2.3 Organic katalitiki stereoselective silikoni cyanide lenu ti awọn ketones

Laipẹ, ẹgbẹ akojọ Benjamini [5] royin ninu iwe akọọlẹ Iseda iyatọ enantiomeric ti 2-butanone (Figure 4a) ati iṣesi cyanide asymmetric ti 2-butanone pẹlu awọn ensaemusi, awọn olutọpa Organic ati awọn olutọpa irin iyipada, ni lilo HCN tabi tmscn bi reagent cyanide. (Aworan 4b). Pẹlu tmscn gẹgẹbi reagent cyanide, 2-butanone ati ọpọlọpọ awọn ketones miiran ni a tẹriba si awọn aati enantioselective silyl cyanide ti o ga julọ labẹ awọn ipo catalytic ti idpi (Figure 4C).

Ṣe nọmba 4 A, iyatọ enantiomeric ti 2-butanone. b. Cyanidation asymmetric ti 2-butanone pẹlu awọn ensaemusi, awọn ayase Organic ati awọn ayase irin iyipada.

c. Idpi ṣe itọsi iṣesi silyl cyanide enantioselective giga ti 2-butanone ati ọpọlọpọ awọn ketones miiran.

2.4 cyanidation idinku ti aldehydes

Ninu iṣelọpọ ti awọn ọja adayeba, tosmic alawọ ewe ni a lo bi reagent cyanide lati yi awọn aldehydes idilọwọ ni irọrun sinu awọn nitriles. Ọna yii jẹ lilo siwaju lati ṣafihan afikun atom carbon sinu aldehydes ati awọn ketones. Ọna yii ni o ni pataki ti o ṣe pataki ni Enantiospecific lapapọ kolaginni ti jiadifenolide ati pe o jẹ igbesẹ pataki ninu iṣelọpọ ti awọn ọja adayeba, gẹgẹbi iṣelọpọ ti awọn ọja adayeba gẹgẹbi clerodane, caribenol A ati caribenol B [6] (Figure 5).

2.5 electrochemical cyanide lenu ti Organic amine

Gẹgẹbi imọ-ẹrọ kolaginni alawọ ewe, kolaginni elekitirokemika Organic ti jẹ lilo pupọ ni awọn aaye pupọ ti iṣelọpọ Organic. Ni awọn ọdun aipẹ, awọn oniwadi siwaju ati siwaju sii ti san ifojusi si rẹ. PrashanthW. Ẹgbẹ Menezes [7] laipe royin pe amine aromatic tabi aliphatic amine le jẹ oxidized taara si awọn agbo ogun cyano ti o baamu ni ojutu 1m KOH (laisi fifi reagent cyanide kun) pẹlu agbara igbagbogbo ti 1.49vrhe nipa lilo ayase Ni2Si olowo poku, pẹlu ikore giga (Figure 6) .

03 akopọ

Cyanidation jẹ idasi iṣelọpọ Organic pataki pupọ. Bibẹrẹ lati inu imọran kemistri alawọ ewe, awọn reagents cyanide ore ayika ni a lo lati rọpo majele ti ibile ati awọn reagents cyanide ti o ni ipalara, ati awọn ọna tuntun bii ti ko ni iyọkuro, katalytic ati itanna microwave ni a lo lati faagun aaye ati ijinle ti iwadii siwaju, nitorinaa. lati ṣe agbekalẹ eto-aje nla, awujọ ati awọn anfani ayika ni iṣelọpọ ile-iṣẹ [8]. Pẹlu ilọsiwaju ilọsiwaju ti iwadii imọ-jinlẹ, ifa cyanide yoo dagbasoke si ikore giga, eto-ọrọ aje ati kemistri alawọ ewe.